a cross or emphasizing the award winning offer is available worldwide. every language level. reading jasmine has been sent to the bio diversity genetic engineering animal behavior. and also the visual intelligence . drove by syria and split the clue how the animal kingdom helps the science coming up on the show. the welcome to the new edition of tomorrow. today. the gelatinous, also known as bleeding hard monkeys live in the field in the highlands, at altitude between 224400 meters. although jolanda so closely related to

babbling, they belong to their own genus and i'll be only probably needs to eat grass. but despite the very specific ecological nation, these mountains, though not safe from humans, like many other species, genomics or on the i, you see ends read list of endangered species within the middle of a bite of us the crisis. so we need to have the scientific understanding of why of some space is being impacted so heavily. july, those have very complex group behavior, similar to planes, zebras and kenya small groups of females with one man and each group join up to form larger groups containing several dozen animals. that's why scientist set the max punk institute for neural biology a behavior are studying both species they want to test out a new method for monitoring the social behavior of animals in their natural habitat

. the my previous research was on was very much sort of standard behavioral ecology where i was sitting in a jeep with a pair of binoculars watching an animal. and i found that i was limited and the questions i could answer was that method, i can only watch one animal in depths for any period of time. but to look at the questions regarding cost of behavior and how groups of animals respond to things like predators. you really need to see the behavior of the whole group at once, and that's just not possible for one person sitting in a jeep and so i had thought to use drones. layer costello and her team are combining drone technology with the newest possibilities of technical monitoring, known as computer vision. special software analyzes the drug one's digital video's using ai and replicates the function of the human brain, which can recognize individual objects by analyzing patterns. the computer uses

this information to make its own decisions, prognosis and assignments like following one specific animal. for example. this method is called the type of learning that has become standard practice at the max plants institute. and so it wasn't germany. the there costello and ian cousins arranged a video chat with ben cobra, but he currently works at the university of washington units and program to a deep learning algorithms for the jerome project. so you know, the model actually learns from, from the images that we give it, or basically we take a subset, maybe a couple of 100 images, maybe a couple 1000 images. and we as humans go through nationally pilot the optics that we're interested in. so say, if we're interested in finding zebras, then we take these images and then draw the boxes on the computer around the prison, the images that we care about. and then what we can do is we can take those images . so all the annotated images and give them to these models and then basically ask

the model to find a set of parameters that highlight those objects. we care about not just in the images, give them, but in lots of other images that it's never seen before. basically, so they can learn those, those patterns with the help of computer vision. the behavioral biologist can observe how hurts respond to ecological changes in their environment caused by . d i'm a change or human intervention. the animals don't notice that they're being observed . they don't need to be captured and fitted with the sensors. the max blank research team gets all the relevant data. they need this way, the for the savers. we fly at about 85 meters above the ground, which is high enough that they're typically not disturbed, but we can still get really high resolution imagery. because we still, i'm in high definition. we can see not only the animals location, but also what it's doing. we can see if it's visual it, we can see if it's feeding, we can see if it's interacting with other zebras. up at the top,

we see the trucks of the animals and the pixel coordinates of the video frame. but this doesn't allow us to disentangle. the movement of the animals from the movement of the drones. and so it's really important that we're able to project these tracts into geographic coordinates, and that's what we see on the map. so we see that we can translate the tracks from the pixel coordinates into the real world and see where these animals actually are and how they move in environments. the combined a technical image analysis works well with both the planes, zebras and kenya, and the to a lot as an e. c o b, a because both groups lead to help me open plainly visible from above. around the very beginning. this is a breakthrough in our ability to get these types of data for certain things that the animals in the real world. and so what we now need to do is to expand this expanded studies across the globe so we can understand things. in fact, humans are having and was like, there are only 20000 gelata is left in the wild by studying their social behavior

using drones. the max planck research team is hoping to gain new insights into early human history as well. to a lot of those are the only other primates besides humans not to live intrigues. the evolution of a human ancestors started several 1000000 years ago, but our planet is much older. so what was happening here for all those billions of years? the 1st forms of life to image with bacteria, organisms that seem relatively simple, but actually very complex. but to be of many properties, some can even glue. but what's the actual purpose of light producing bacteria? as far as we know back periods i have a single organ that could detect these light signals. there is a theory that you developed in an in bacteria when

the bacteria could be as, as a group could be seen. they can't be seen as individuals, right? they're too small for the eyes to see. so they can be seen until they evolved at the time when, when complex sizable. but why would bacteria want to be seen by laws around them? for a long time scientist was really sho, until a tiny inhabitant of hawaii is close to hold has gave the team some clues of the nice house to night. the hawaiian folk tale square to matches from hiding to hunt small crops and shrimp under the cover of darkness. to avoid becoming something else, his prey under the moon installed light that uses we have a trick closed overall so it becomes illuminated by the light that emanates from february fishery bacteria that have

a special like to missing open. these bacteria cover the entire surface of the split skin. using best lights, the roughly 5 centimeters long squared can cost lights on its own shot to make itself practically invisible to predators. the this is so it makes them difficult for research is to detect but nothing possible. yes, we've got one. this is an adult female for him. bob tells good. if we ship or tomorrow morning, she'll arrive the following morning. so she spends about 20 hours in a cooler and in transit. usually they show up wherever we ship them and they're happy and just hanging out waiting. the little squid has a full 1000 kilometer slides ahead of her before she can move into the new home and the lot in pasadena together with 9 other males and females. she'll be not shooting

tad for under a very special conditions so that she produces as many of the spring as possible will see light below a certain wavelength, including our guess of a certain wavelength or red light. and so we can work in red light and they cannot see us. so we can come observe them in their nighttime and watch them each and hans and lay eggs. and they don't over here. previous studies have already given the great lots of important information about the symbiosis between squared and bacteria. for example, that the globe called bio luminescence seems to have communication purposes. we know of no particular reason for the expect jerry to make by luminescence,

except in symbiotic associations where they make the light for an animal host such that that host can now use the light for a variety of its behaviors. and what we found out to our surprise was the amount of light each individual cell made changed when the bacteria got to a certain density in that liquid. and this gave us the idea that the bacteria were communicating to each other. and we began to realize that bacteria have many behaviors just like more advanced animals and plants that are not visible until you look very close to the mechanism by which bacteria communicates as cold form something. they use various signaling molecules that allow them to detect squats around them. one signaling molecule determines which species are nearby and

then also determines the concentration of that right and species. if it's high enough, the bacteria old switch on the lights at the same time. and the squared also seems to be positive, this communication network in every square centimeter of water. there are a 1000000 bacteria, a 1000000 bacteria. and in that they're about only about a 100 of those 1000000 bacteria or gabriel fish. so one of the things that has to happen is when the baby's hatch from the egg within 3 hours, they are able to pick out of the sea water the right there's somebody they're able to recognize. there's somebody on this extraordinary ability shows that the communication between highest impact area is much closer than scientists previously

believed. is this alliance earlier this summer, alina's was believed to be on the loose in germany. it turned out to be an environment mistake. the big cat with actually a wild full it's pretty easy to get members of the animal kingdom mixed up. especially if there were only droppings to go on. analyzing dna pascals found in the environment could make it easier. one new method is being tested in switzerland . this water sampling lake called view that contains a wealth of information as well as potential for animal conservation, christy diner from the edges orrick researches environmental dna, which is also known as e d. n a. it's a new method of species identification. it's primary objective is to revolutionize the monitoring of bio diversity around the world. this what's really exciting about environmental dna is that it's like capturing all the stars in the universe. we

have every piece of dna from every species potentially floating around in this water. and we're pushing it in, and it gets harder and harder the more watery filters, because the more things we're collecting and what's really exciting about this is it's quite simple. all we're doing is filtering a little bit of water 100 milliliters. and from that we can potentially say all the species that are living in this entire landscape, including the marine creatures and the land. animals that live around and in they called in the sample contains not only dna from aquatic life using traditional methods to monitor such a large area is time consuming and expensive. during field work that sometimes lasts for weeks, plants, phone guy, animal species or their excrement are collected, counted, and recorded. environmental dna is

a huge timesaver. neither animals, plants, nor any other traits like voice or excrement, are necessary for the classification. just tiny pieces of beginning are sufficient and vague can be found in abundance in the environment. every living thing, the permanent traces of genetic information. you may use everywhere in foliage ex permits feathers and even mucous, when it's collected in sequence. a quick check of a d n. a database is all it takes to determine the species. at least in theory, because some important information is still missing. biologist lucas steve on towards from the come to an arc out uses the new method to monitor li calls used for invasive species like crack of muscles and fresh water prongs. these are already well documented in databases. a deal. i'm see, i have a new biography protection programs here at the lake, which is

a program that allows us to use various methods in the so that no new and basal space size and then got the milling off. and this is a way to check if it's effective. you, we want to know of something new is arrived or not, and all you get home these homes. i was looking at. stephen toria is searching for just a few species with the environmental dna method. christie diner wants to explore the entire habitat surrounding the lake. she's clearly thinking bigger because dna travels, she thinks it will work. what's fascinating about dna is, but once it gets into water, it actually moves with the water. and if you can imagine a dna, a piece of dna getting into a river that flows to the lake, this lake behind me acts like a sponge in the landscape. and it's soaking up all that dna. and it's potentially sitting here for enough time that we can sample it. the information we get is for

the entire water shift. so all the land you can see coming where the rivers we've come into this lake. and that gives us a very easy way to sample simple a few samples, but for an entire area of water shed is a land area that drains whatever water collection it to the same place. like home view has a water chad or drainage mason of 128 square kilometers the team is researching. a total of a large makes that of drainage patients of varying sizes. supposedly the bigger of the drainage basin, the region with the bio diversity and the lake the name of the research project is to establish whether this theory is correct and to find out how much dna actually ends up in the lake. the chemical physical and biological

factors like sunshine, temperature, and ph values influence how much the dna degrades on its way to the lake. beyond that, the analysis of the gathered samples provides dna sequences that are basically sequences of letters to which sequence corresponds to which species is something that has to be searched for in reference, data banks, it compare is stored sequences with those found here. the problem is that the databases are incomplete, not all of a species found on to your are included. data on invertebrates are especially lacking. many ambitious projects are under way to change that in the coming years. despite the various hurdles, environmental dna is already causing a stir in the world of science because of its huge potential refer scientist for biologists for ecologist. this is really a paradigm shift because we're able to access information that was never possible

before. and so there's about 1400000 lakes in the world that are 10 heck, there's a bigger and if we look at the land that is in contact with all of that, that's 25 percent of the earth. so it could be that we go to a 1000000 or so lakes and we can sample a large proportion of the earth maybe every year. and that's possible to do um, with this kind of technology, a species go extinct everyday researching biodiversity more efficiently and across the larger areas is more important now than ever. it's the basis of species conservation. humans are destroying more and more flores, devastating, unable habitats in the process. but sometimes humans help animals route in that habitat. take the american bull from. it was important to us from the us pond. it's been probably being understood in the wilds that is until now.

so splunk, this light can also cause what looks like any of them, but look closer and you'll see it's home to an animal that actually doesn't belong here. the north american bull from native ship hawks of the us, canada and mexico, the folks and now spreading throughout because gwen region adult films will eat anything they can, including other i'm fabian's, and even smaller rodents. the tadpoles can reach 10 to 15 centimeters in length. and have no natural predators in the lakes here. no one is really sure how bullfrog came to be here. but that all theories, bonds buy on this, please give us a year or 2 ago. you can legally bible from the top polos impact store talking from the implant. it was great for kids to watch the top it all is great. but then you end up with a problem of just getting bigger room, big balls,

positive on that. if you can't keep it in the garden anymore, but you also don't want to kill everything. so people released the folks into nature, the low to burn in each tooth. no, no, but i did not to and left over you come by, tadpoles anymore, and the damage is already being done. and since the frogs are on the list of invasive species, the numbers have to be controlled a few minutes in kind of a cushion. i'm 50 and so generally under protection and can't be removed the home we have special permission to and these people folks, oh, those are allowed to die. denarius' the onto officially zone fidelity thing on his toes by send handle her behind organizes regular events to catch the frogs. today she's working with 10, dave, it's the summer market that i've already closed about who should go with the team. have a look at start. so casey group one comes and show up to, um, from, from terminal to among them is biologist kind of showed he wants to learn more about the spread of the frogs and tadpoles. he studies the tadpoles that his lab at

the institute supplier materials and bio molecular systems in short got so one's. this is myspace. it's important for us to understand how the bullfrog develop. that's where they're living and especially where they will be hyper needing. but we have to understand the ecology of little frogs, if we want to control them effectively if it came from. lucas and effective control is needed because it's not clear whether the measures used so far like the dive all working. this wasn't, you know, let's see on the last 10 years, they around 60000 tadpoles up an account and remove the funding. but to what extent you can find chain, the bullfrog support, have them completely disappeared from this habitat that will only become clear in the next few years. at the end of next year, onside the back of the lake. it's starting to get the, the best time to catch the tadpoles, the

underwater, the drivers don't have to look for long, easily catching one tadpole off during nova the band though with around 500. but the handle of the gun since they've previously caught twice as many she's not diving choosing to use net along the show instead. here the team regularly catch brooks that are past the level stage, like this little guy estimated to be about a year old and still not sleep grand. the bullfrog is already much bigger than the adult was the frog that's native to the area. it wouldn't stand a chance against the full grin. bull from kind of little behind says the humps the tadpoles is having an effect. the most of the time is catch the few they find next time. but a single adult female bullfrog placed tens of thousands of eggs and without natural

predators, many of the type of all survives so it's unlikely that both drugs can be eliminated from this positive gemini, simply by catching tadpoles. let us read why you have a question about the animal kingdom of the world of science and tech. just send this a video text or voice message. if we answer your question in the, so we'll send you a little surprise because the thank you. so come on just off this week, the question comes from many your honda about sista in colombia to animals dream. they can tell us about their dreams, of course. but that hasn't stopped curious, scientists from looking for answers in 2001 researchers at boston's mit

metro at the brain. waves of lab rach 1st in the maze, searching for food and again, while they were sleep. ready the results show effect during sleep. the same brain areas were active as during the search for. the rats were mentally retracing their journey through the maze processing what they learned during the day. the sleep studies have also been done on c prof inches while sleeping, the internal trip to the melody of their songs, to sing songs the song during the day. research has concluded that these birds do, in fact dream of singing. in humans, the sleep phase most closely associated with the dreaming is rem more rapid. i'm movement as the name suggests, this sleep phase is characterized by quick, uncontrolled eye movement. people who are awakened during rem sleep can often recall their previous dream in detail range

sleep can be observed in almost small mammals. when our pets twitch round bark on the out, it's very likely their re living moments of their day in their dreams. but dreams sleep has just been seen and mammals, these cutoff fish twitched their eyes in tentacles during sleep and came even reflexively changed. color sleeps, these are similar to ram. have now also been identified in reptiles for the researchers. an indication that different sleep phases must have already been developed in prehistoric times. and what about insects or spiders? a recent study found that jumping spiders can twitch in their sleep, similar to other animals during remo, sleep evidence that even they have dreams. the

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